externalities

简明释义

英[ɛkˈstɜːrnəlɪtiz]美[ɛkˈstɜrnəlˌtaɪz]

n. 外部性；外部效应

英英释义

单词用法

同义词

反义词

例句

1.Congestion externalities — higher costs resulting from an attempt to use resources at a higher-than-optimal capacity.

外部阻隔——在尝试更高而不佳的容量下的资源使用而导致的更高的成本。

2.Then it analyzes the network externalities of structure and its three principle rules.

然后，分析了信用卡运作体系的网络外延性等特征以及三项主要原则。

3.Economics is precise about the tax that should, in principle, be levied to deal with negative externalities: the tax on a liter of fuel should be equal to the harm caused by using a liter of fuel.

从经济学的角度来看，为了应对负外部性，原则上应该征收的税收是准确的：对一升燃料征收的税应该等于使用一升燃料所造成的危害。

4.Internalization may also come about spontaneously by the merger of two units inflicting large externalities upon one another.

当两个有着巨大的相互冲突的外差因素的单位合并时，内部化也可能自发地产生。

5.Professor Pretty and his colleagues calculated the externalities of British agriculture for one particular year.

普雷蒂教授和他的同事计算了某一年英国农业的外部性。

6.But this will really be the first time the world has tackled the issue of externalities on a global basis.

不过，这将会是第一次在全球范围内处理外部成本。

7.The factory's emissions create negative externalities 外部性 that affect the health of nearby residents.

这家工厂的排放产生了负面外部性 外部性，影响了附近居民的健康。

8.Investing in public parks can generate positive externalities 外部性 for the community, such as improved air quality.

投资公共公园可以为社区带来积极的外部性 外部性，例如改善空气质量。

9.When a company pollutes the river, it does not pay for the externalities 外部性 it creates.

当一家公司污染河流时，它并没有为其产生的外部性 外部性付费。

10.Education has many positive externalities 外部性, including lower crime rates and higher civic engagement.

教育有许多积极的外部性 外部性，包括更低的犯罪率和更高的公民参与度。

11.The government often intervenes to mitigate negative externalities 外部性 through regulations.

政府通常通过监管干预以减轻负面外部性 外部性。

作文

In economics, the concept of externalities refers to the unintended side effects or consequences of an economic activity that affect other parties who did not choose to be involved in that activity. These effects can be either positive or negative and can significantly influence the overall welfare of society. Understanding externalities is crucial for policymakers and economists when designing regulations and interventions to promote efficient resource allocation and enhance social welfare. For instance, consider a factory that produces goods. The factory might emit pollution as a byproduct of its production process. This pollution can harm the health of nearby residents, leading to medical costs and reduced quality of life. In this case, the negative impact on the community is an example of a negative externality. The factory does not bear the full cost of its production, which can lead to overproduction and excessive pollution. On the other hand, there are also positive externalities. For example, if an individual decides to maintain a beautiful garden, it may enhance the aesthetic appeal of the neighborhood, potentially increasing property values for surrounding homes. In this scenario, the benefits enjoyed by neighbors who did not contribute to the garden's upkeep represent a positive externality. The presence of externalities often leads to market failures, where the allocation of resources is not efficient. When negative externalities are present, the market tends to produce more of a good than is socially optimal, as the costs imposed on third parties are not reflected in the price of the good. Conversely, with positive externalities, the market may underproduce beneficial goods because the producers do not receive adequate compensation for the external benefits they create. To address the challenges posed by externalities, governments can implement various strategies. One common approach is to impose taxes or subsidies. For negative externalities, such as pollution, a government might impose a tax on the polluting activity, thereby incentivizing firms to reduce their emissions. This tax reflects the true cost of the negative externality and encourages more sustainable practices. Conversely, for positive externalities, the government can provide subsidies to encourage activities that yield societal benefits, such as education or renewable energy production. Another method to manage externalities is through regulation. Governments can set limits on the amount of pollution a factory can emit or require firms to adopt certain technologies that reduce their negative impact on the environment. While regulation can effectively mitigate externalities, it may also impose compliance costs on businesses, which can affect their competitiveness. Furthermore, the concept of externalities extends beyond environmental issues. It can apply to various fields, including public health, education, and urban planning. For instance, vaccination programs create positive externalities by contributing to herd immunity, thus protecting those who cannot be vaccinated. Similarly, investments in public transportation can reduce traffic congestion and lower pollution levels, benefiting the entire community. In conclusion, externalities play a significant role in economic analysis and policy-making. By understanding the implications of externalities, we can develop better strategies to enhance social welfare and promote a more efficient allocation of resources. Addressing both positive and negative externalities is essential for creating a balanced and sustainable economy that benefits all members of society.

在经济学中，概念外部性指的是经济活动的意外副作用或后果，这些后果影响那些没有选择参与该活动的其他方。这些影响可以是积极的或消极的，并且可以显著影响社会的整体福利。理解外部性对于政策制定者和经济学家在设计法规和干预措施以促进资源的有效配置和提高社会福利时至关重要。 例如，考虑一家生产商品的工厂。该工厂可能会在其生产过程中排放污染物。此污染可能会危害附近居民的健康，导致医疗费用和生活质量下降。在这种情况下，对社区的负面影响是负外部性的一个例子。工厂没有承担其生产的全部成本，这可能导致过度生产和过量污染。 另一方面，也存在积极的外部性。例如，如果一个人决定维护一个美丽的花园，这可能会增强邻里的美观，从而潜在地提高周围房屋的房产价值。在这种情况下，没有参与花园维护的邻居所享受的好处代表了积极的外部性。 外部性的存在往往导致市场失灵，即资源配置效率不高。当存在负外部性时，市场往往会生产出超过社会最优水平的商品，因为施加给第三方的成本未反映在商品价格中。相反，对于积极的外部性，市场可能会因为生产者没有得到足够的补偿而低于生产有益商品的数量。 为了解决外部性带来的挑战，政府可以实施各种策略。一种常见的方法是征收税收或补贴。对于负外部性，例如污染，政府可能会对污染活动征收税款，从而激励企业减少排放。这种税反映了负外部性的真实成本，并鼓励采取更可持续的做法。相反，对于积极的外部性，政府可以提供补贴以鼓励产生社会效益的活动，例如教育或可再生能源生产。 管理外部性的另一种方法是通过监管。政府可以对工厂的排放量设置限制，或要求企业采用某些减少其对环境负面影响的技术。虽然监管可以有效缓解外部性，但也可能给企业带来合规成本，这可能影响其竞争力。 此外，外部性的概念不仅适用于环境问题。它可以应用于各个领域，包括公共卫生、教育和城市规划。例如，疫苗接种计划通过促进群体免疫创造了积极的外部性，从而保护那些无法接种疫苗的人。同样，公共交通的投资可以减少交通拥堵并降低污染水平，使整个社区受益。 总之，外部性在经济分析和政策制定中扮演着重要角色。通过理解外部性的影响，我们可以制定更好的策略，以提高社会福利并促进资源的更有效配置。解决积极和负外部性对于创建一个平衡和可持续的经济体至关重要，这将使社会所有成员受益。