externality

简明释义

英[ˌekstɜːˈnæləti]美[ˌekstɜːrˈnæləti]

n. 外在性；外形；外部事物

复 数 e x t e r n a l i t i e s

英英释义

单词用法

同义词

反义词

例句

1.The first chapter is the general introduction of the negative externality theory.

第一章是对外部性的一般理论的介绍。

2.To understand the Coase theorem, we first need to introduce another idea, the externality.

为了理解科斯定理，我们首先得介绍另一个概念，就是外部性。

3.The current auditing quality problems are the externality of incorrect allocation of auditing authorization.

现行审计质量问题是审计委托权配置失范的外部性表现。

4.Growth equations are derived and the externality series are estimated.

生长方程的推导和外部一系列估计。

5.The externality theory is a basic theory of explaining economy activities and forest ecological environment problems.

本外部性理论是解释经济活动与森林生态环境问题的基础理论。

6.The construction and utilization of the stadium and gymnasium facilities of games have greater positive externality.

综合性大型体育赛事场馆设施的建设与使用具有较大的正外部性。

7.The difficulty stems from the fact that while an externality may be seen as a cost to one group.

困难常常来自这样的事实，即一种外在因素对一部分人可视为成本。

8.A network externality arises when others’ use of a product makes it more valuable to each consumer.

当其他人对某产品的使用将增加该产品对单个消费者的效用，这种产品就被称为具有连带外部效应的产品。

9.But what if the externality could be accounted for, in a way that helped the poor?

但是如果外部性可以用来解释气候变化问题，那么这种影响在一定程度上看会帮助到穷人吗？

10.The factory's pollution is a negative externality, affecting the health of nearby residents.

工厂的污染是一种负面的外部性，影响了附近居民的健康。

11.Education can create a positive externality by leading to a more informed and productive society.

教育可以产生一种积极的外部性，使社会更加知识丰富和高效。

12.When people invest in public parks, they generate a positive externality for the community.

当人们投资于公共公园时，他们为社区创造了一种积极的外部性。

13.Traffic congestion is a common negative externality of urbanization.

交通拥堵是城市化的一个常见负面外部性。

14.Subsidizing renewable energy can help mitigate the negative externality of fossil fuel consumption.

补贴可再生能源可以帮助减轻化石燃料消费的负面外部性。

作文

In economics, the term externality refers to the positive or negative consequences of economic activities that affect third parties who are not directly involved in the transaction. These effects can arise from production or consumption processes and can have significant implications for society as a whole. Understanding externalities is crucial for policymakers, businesses, and consumers alike, as they play a vital role in shaping economic outcomes and influencing public welfare. For instance, consider a factory that produces goods. If this factory emits pollution as a byproduct of its operations, the surrounding community may suffer health problems due to poor air quality. This is an example of a negative externality, where the costs of production are not fully borne by the producer but instead are imposed on innocent bystanders. The factory owner may profit from the production while the community bears the burden of increased healthcare costs and decreased quality of life. Conversely, there are also positive externalities. For example, when a homeowner decides to maintain a beautiful garden, it not only enhances their property value but also improves the aesthetic appeal of the neighborhood. Neighbors and passersby benefit from the pleasant environment created by the homeowner's efforts, even though they did not contribute to the garden's upkeep. This positive externality illustrates how individual actions can lead to broader societal benefits. The presence of externalities often leads to market failures, where the allocation of resources is not efficient. In cases of negative externalities, the market tends to overproduce goods that generate harmful side effects, while in cases of positive externalities, the market may underproduce beneficial goods. To address these issues, governments can implement policies such as taxes, subsidies, or regulations. For instance, imposing a tax on polluting industries can help internalize the costs associated with their negative externalities, encouraging them to reduce pollution and invest in cleaner technologies. On the other hand, providing subsidies for education can promote positive externalities. When more individuals receive education, society benefits from a more informed and skilled workforce, leading to higher productivity and economic growth. By recognizing and addressing externalities, policymakers can create a more efficient and equitable economy. In conclusion, externalities are an essential concept in economics that highlights the unintended consequences of economic activities on third parties. Both positive and negative externalities can significantly impact society, making it imperative for stakeholders to consider them in their decision-making processes. By implementing appropriate policies, we can mitigate the adverse effects of negative externalities while promoting the benefits of positive externalities. Ultimately, understanding and managing externalities is key to fostering a healthier, more sustainable economy for all.

在经济学中，术语外部性指的是经济活动的正面或负面后果，这些后果影响那些未直接参与交易的第三方。这些影响可以源于生产或消费过程，并对整个社会产生重大影响。理解外部性对于政策制定者、企业和消费者来说至关重要，因为它们在塑造经济结果和影响公共福利方面发挥着重要作用。 例如，考虑一家生产商品的工厂。如果这家工厂在运营过程中排放污染物，周围社区可能会因空气质量差而遭受健康问题。这是一个负面外部性的例子，其中生产成本并未完全由生产者承担，而是强加给无辜的旁观者。工厂所有者可能从生产中获利，而社区则承受着增加的医疗费用和生活质量下降的负担。 相反，也存在正面的外部性。例如，当一位房主决定维护一个美丽的花园时，这不仅提升了他们房产的价值，还改善了邻里的美观。邻居和路过的人都能从房主的努力中受益，尽管他们并没有为花园的维护做出贡献。这种正面外部性说明了个体行为如何导致更广泛的社会利益。 外部性的存在常常导致市场失灵，即资源配置效率不高。在负面外部性的情况下，市场往往过度生产产生有害副作用的商品，而在正面外部性的情况下，市场可能会低于生产有益商品。为了解决这些问题，政府可以实施税收、补贴或监管等政策。例如，对污染行业征收税可以帮助内部化与其负面外部性相关的成本，鼓励它们减少污染并投资于更清洁的技术。 另一方面，提供教育补贴可以促进正面外部性。当更多的人接受教育时，社会将从更有信息和技能的劳动力中受益，从而提高生产力和经济增长。通过识别和解决外部性问题，政策制定者可以创造一个更高效和公平的经济。 总之，外部性是经济学中的一个重要概念，突显了经济活动对第三方的意外后果。正面和负面外部性都可以对社会产生重大影响，因此利益相关者在决策过程中必须考虑这些因素。通过实施适当的政策，我们可以减轻负面外部性的有害影响，同时促进正面外部性的益处。最终，理解和管理外部性是促进所有人健康、可持续经济的关键。