feudalism

简明释义

英[ˈfjuːdəlɪzəm]美[ˈfjuːdəlɪzəm]

n. 封建制度，封建主义

英英释义

单词用法

同义词

反义词

例句

1.The hulk of feudalism will not quickly fade away.

封建主义的残余不会很快消失。

2.All farming lands were owned by nobles, who then gave their land to their serfs, a situation similar to European feudalism.

所有农业土地所拥有的贵族，那么谁给他们的土地给他们的农奴，类似的情况下欧洲封建主义。

3.The question of the escaping families was always a universal existence social phenomenon in feudalism society of China.

逃户问题历来是我国封建社会普遍存在的一个社会现象。

4.Under feudalism, young people could not marry the person of their own choice.

在封建制度下， 婚姻不能自主。

5.By 1740 European feudalism was in its death throes.

到1740年，欧洲的封建主义摇摇欲坠。

6.This raises thorny questions about digital feudalism and the law.

这就引发了一系列关于数字领域的封建主义和法律的棘手问题。

7.The peasants in feudalism society of China refer to the laborers who rely on agriculture in persons .

中国封建社会的农民是指亲身参加农业生产并以此获取生活资料的劳动者。

8.Modern Chinese rural areas were on the wane and in crisis under the oppression and exploitation of the imperialism and feudalism.

近代中国农村在帝国主义和封建主义的压迫与剥削下处于衰落与危机中。

9.China has had a long history of feudalism.

中国有着长期的被侵占历史。

10.During the Middle Ages, Europe was characterized by a system of feudalism (封建主义) that shaped the social structure.

在中世纪，欧洲的社会结构受到封建主义（feudalism）的影响。

11.In a feudalism (封建主义) system, lords owned large estates and vassals served them in exchange for land.

在封建主义（feudalism）体系中，领主拥有大面积土地，附庸为他们服务以换取土地。

12.The decline of feudalism (封建主义) in Europe led to the rise of centralized monarchies.

欧洲封建主义（feudalism）的衰退导致中央集权君主制的崛起。

13.Many historians argue that feudalism (封建主义) was a necessary response to the chaos of the Dark Ages.

许多历史学家认为封建主义（feudalism）是对黑暗时代混乱的必要回应。

14.Under feudalism (封建主义), peasants were often bound to the land they worked on.

在封建主义（feudalism）下，农民通常被束缚在他们耕作的土地上。

作文

The term feudalism refers to a social and economic system that was prevalent in medieval Europe, characterized by the exchange of land for military service and labor. This hierarchical structure was established after the fall of the Roman Empire and lasted until the rise of centralized monarchies in the late Middle Ages. In this system, the king granted large tracts of land to nobles, known as lords, in exchange for their loyalty and military support. The lords, in turn, would grant portions of their land to vassals, who were lesser nobles or knights, under similar conditions. This relationship created a complex web of obligations and allegiances that defined the social order of the time. At the base of this hierarchy were the peasants, or serfs, who worked the land. They were bound to the estate and were not free to leave without permission from their lord. In return for their labor, they received protection and a small plot of land to cultivate for their own sustenance. This system ensured that the nobility maintained control over the land and the people, while the serfs remained dependent on their lords for their livelihoods. The concept of feudalism thus illustrates the interdependence between different classes within medieval society. One of the defining features of feudalism was the idea of mutual obligation. Lords were expected to provide protection to their vassals and serfs, while vassals were obligated to serve in the lord's army when called upon. This reciprocal relationship was crucial for maintaining order and stability in a period marked by frequent warfare and political fragmentation. The system also fostered a sense of loyalty and duty among the various levels of society, as each individual understood their role within the larger framework of feudal obligations. However, feudalism was not without its drawbacks. The rigid class structure often stifled social mobility, as individuals were largely confined to the roles assigned to them by birth. The concentration of power in the hands of a few noble families led to abuses and corruption, as some lords exploited their position to enrich themselves at the expense of their vassals and serfs. Furthermore, the decentralized nature of feudalism made it difficult for kings to exert control over their realms, leading to conflicts and power struggles among the nobility. As the Middle Ages progressed, several factors contributed to the decline of feudalism. The growth of towns and trade began to shift the economic focus away from agriculture, allowing a new merchant class to emerge. This burgeoning bourgeoisie sought greater freedom and autonomy, challenging the traditional power structures of the nobility. Additionally, the rise of strong centralized monarchies, which sought to consolidate power and establish a more uniform legal system, further eroded the foundations of feudalism. In conclusion, feudalism was a complex social and economic system that shaped medieval Europe. Its hierarchical structure and system of mutual obligations created a distinct social order, but also led to significant challenges and limitations for those within it. Understanding feudalism is essential for grasping the historical context of Europe during the Middle Ages and the evolution of modern political and economic systems. As we reflect on this period, we can appreciate how the legacies of feudalism continue to influence contemporary society, reminding us of the importance of social contracts and the dynamics of power and responsibility.

“封建主义”一词指的是一种在中世纪欧洲盛行的社会和经济制度，其特点是土地与军事服务和劳动力的交换。这个等级结构是在罗马帝国衰落后建立的，并持续到中世纪晚期中央集权王国的兴起。在这一制度中，国王将大片土地授予贵族，即领主，以换取他们的忠诚和军事支持。领主又将部分土地授予附庸，即较低级别的贵族或骑士，条件类似。这种关系形成了一个复杂的义务和忠诚网络，定义了当时的社会秩序。 在这个等级结构的基础上是农民或农奴，他们耕种土地。他们被束缚在庄园上，未经领主许可不得离开。作为对他们劳动的回报，他们获得保护和一小块土地以供自己生存。这一制度确保了贵族对土地和人民的控制，而农奴则依赖于他们的领主谋生。因此，“封建主义”这一概念展示了中世纪社会不同阶层之间的相互依赖。 “封建主义”的一个定义特征是相互义务的观念。领主被期望为他们的附庸和农奴提供保护，而附庸则有义务在被召唤时为领主的军队服务。这种互惠关系对于维护一个频繁战争和政治分裂的时期的秩序和稳定至关重要。该制度还培养了社会各个层面之间的忠诚和责任感，因为每个人都明白自己在更大框架中的角色。 然而，“封建主义”并非没有缺陷。严格的阶级结构常常抑制社会流动，因为个人在很大程度上被限制在出生时分配给他们的角色中。权力集中在少数贵族家庭手中导致了滥用和腐败，一些领主利用自己的地位来丰富自己，而以牺牲附庸和农奴为代价。此外，“封建主义”的分散性质使得国王难以对其王国施加控制，导致贵族之间的冲突和权力斗争。 随着中世纪的进展，几个因素促成了“封建主义”的衰退。城镇和贸易的发展开始将经济重心从农业转移，使新兴的商人阶级出现。这个不断壮大的资产阶级寻求更大的自由和自主权，挑战传统贵族的权力结构。此外，强大的中央集权王国的崛起，试图巩固权力并建立更统一的法律体系，进一步侵蚀了“封建主义”的基础。 总之，“封建主义”是一种塑造中世纪欧洲的复杂社会和经济制度。它的等级结构和相互义务制度创造了一个独特的社会秩序，但也给其中的人们带来了重大挑战和局限性。理解“封建主义”对于把握中世纪欧洲的历史背景及现代政治和经济制度的演变至关重要。当我们反思这一时期时，我们可以欣赏到“封建主义”的遗产如何继续影响当代社会，提醒我们社会契约的重要性以及权力与责任的动态关系。