heterolytic

简明释义

英[ˌhɛtəˈrɒlɪtɪk]美[ˌhɛtəˈrɑlɪtɪk]

adj. 异种溶解的；异属溶解的

英英释义

单词用法

同义词

反义词

例句

1.It is related to heterolytic fission.

它与异核分裂有关。

2.It is related to heterolytic fission.

它与异核分裂有关。

3.In organic chemistry, a reaction can proceed via a heterolytic 异裂的 cleavage of a bond, resulting in the formation of charged species.

在有机化学中，反应可以通过异裂的键的断裂进行，从而形成带电物种。

4.The heterolytic 异裂的 dissociation of water molecules is essential for many biochemical reactions.

水分子的异裂的解离对许多生化反应至关重要。

5.When a carbon-halogen bond breaks, it often does so heterolytically, leading to a halide ion and a carbocation.

当碳-卤素键断裂时，它通常以异裂的方式断裂，导致卤离子和碳阳离子的生成。

6.The mechanism of this reaction involves heterolytic 异裂的 bond cleavage, which is crucial for the formation of the product.

该反应的机制涉及异裂的键断裂，这对于产物的形成至关重要。

7.In nucleophilic substitution reactions, heterolytic 异裂的 bond breaking allows for the nucleophile to attack the substrate.

在亲核取代反应中，异裂的键断裂使亲核试剂能够攻击底物。

作文

In the study of chemistry, particularly in the field of organic chemistry, understanding various types of bond cleavage is crucial. One important concept that often comes up is that of heterolytic (异裂的) bond cleavage. This process involves the breaking of a chemical bond in such a way that one of the atoms retains both of the electrons from the bond while the other atom takes none. This is in contrast to homolytic cleavage, where the bond breaks evenly, and each atom retains one electron. The distinction between these two types of cleavage is vital for predicting the behavior of molecules during chemical reactions. When a bond undergoes heterolytic (异裂的) cleavage, the atom that retains both electrons becomes negatively charged, resulting in the formation of a carbanion or anionic species. Conversely, the atom that loses the electrons becomes positively charged, leading to the formation of a carbocation or cation. This charge separation can significantly influence the reactivity of the molecules involved. For example, the generation of a carbocation through heterolytic (异裂的) cleavage makes it more reactive as it seeks to stabilize itself by attracting nucleophiles. A classic example of heterolytic (异裂的) cleavage can be observed in the reaction of hydrogen halides with alkenes. When an alkene reacts with hydrogen chloride (HCl), the double bond of the alkene attacks the hydrogen atom, leading to the cleavage of the H-Cl bond. This results in the formation of a carbocation and a chloride ion. The presence of the positively charged carbocation intermediate is critical for subsequent reactions, such as nucleophilic attack by chloride or other nucleophiles. Furthermore, understanding heterolytic (异裂的) cleavage is essential for grasping mechanisms in various organic reactions, including substitution and elimination reactions. In nucleophilic substitution reactions, for instance, the departure of a leaving group often occurs via heterolytic (异裂的) cleavage, where the bond between the leaving group and the carbon atom breaks, resulting in a stable leaving group and a charged intermediate. The implications of heterolytic (异裂的) cleavage extend beyond simple bond breaking; they also play a significant role in determining the stereochemistry of products formed in reactions. The nature of the charged intermediates can lead to different pathways and outcomes, impacting whether the final product is chiral or achiral. Thus, the understanding of heterolytic (异裂的) cleavage not only enriches our knowledge of reaction mechanisms but also aids in the design of synthetic pathways in organic chemistry. In summary, the concept of heterolytic (异裂的) cleavage is fundamental in organic chemistry, providing insights into the behavior of molecules during reactions. By recognizing how bonds break and the resulting charge distribution, chemists can better predict the outcomes of reactions and design more efficient synthetic strategies. The study of heterolytic (异裂的) cleavage exemplifies the intricate dance of electrons and charges that underpins the vast and fascinating world of chemical reactions.

在化学的研究中，特别是在有机化学领域，理解各种类型的键断裂至关重要。一个常常提到的重要概念是heterolytic（异裂的）键断裂。这个过程涉及化学键的断裂，以一种方式使得一个原子保留了来自键的两个电子，而另一个原子则没有。这与均裂断裂相反，在均裂断裂中，键是均匀断裂的，每个原子保留一个电子。这两种断裂类型之间的区别对于预测分子在化学反应中的行为至关重要。 当一个键经历heterolytic（异裂的）断裂时，保留两个电子的原子变得带负电，从而形成一个碳负离子或阴离子物种。相反，失去电子的原子变得带正电，导致形成一个碳阳离子或阳离子。这样的电荷分离可以显著影响相关分子的反应性。例如，通过heterolytic（异裂的）断裂生成的碳阳离子使其更加活泼，因为它寻求通过吸引亲核试剂来稳定自己。 一个经典的heterolytic（异裂的）断裂的例子可以在烯烃与氢卤酸反应中观察到。当烯烃与氯化氢（HCl）反应时，烯烃的双键攻击氢原子，导致H-Cl键的断裂。这导致形成一个碳阳离子和一个氯离子。带正电的碳阳离子中间体的存在对后续反应至关重要，例如氯化物或其他亲核试剂的亲核攻击。 此外，理解heterolytic（异裂的）断裂对于掌握各种有机反应机制至关重要，包括取代和消除反应。在亲核取代反应中，例如，离去基团的离去通常发生在heterolytic（异裂的）断裂中，其中离去基团与碳原子之间的键断裂，导致一个稳定的离去基团和一个带电的中间体。 heterolytic（异裂的）断裂的影响不仅限于简单的键断裂；它们还在确定反应产物的立体化学方面发挥重要作用。带电中间体的性质可以导致不同的反应路径和结果，影响最终产品是手性还是非手性。因此，理解heterolytic（异裂的）断裂不仅丰富了我们对反应机制的知识，还帮助设计有机化学中的合成路径。 总之，heterolytic（异裂的）断裂的概念在有机化学中是基础性的，为我们提供了关于分子在反应中行为的洞见。通过认识到键是如何断裂以及结果的电荷分布，化学家们可以更好地预测反应的结果并设计更高效的合成策略。对heterolytic（异裂的）断裂的研究体现了支撑化学反应广阔而迷人的世界的电子和电荷的复杂舞蹈。